Petromodernity & Decolonial Migration

The post-war European integration project binding contemporary member regions across borders.

1 chapter

1925 - 1959

The Dutch TT motorcycle race at Assen, first held in 1925 on a 28.4 km street circuit between Borger, Schoonloo, and Grolloo, introduced a new kind of seasonal gathering to the region. By the time it moved to a permanent circuit, the TT had become Assen's civic anchor — the surrounding TT Festival (9 days in late June) effectively functions as a modern kermis, complete with TT Kermis, TT Market (the largest one-day market in the Netherlands), and Fan Walk. The circuit's nickname 'Cathedral of Speed' unconsciously borrows sacred-space language for a secular ritual. Meanwhile, in Westerwolde, the midwinterhoorn tradition was being revived — folklorist D.J. van der Ven's 1919 initiative (critiqued by J.J. Voskuil as an 'invented tradition') gave new form to a practice that may have pre-Christian roots. Whether invented or revived, the midwinterhoorn guilds of Westerwolde now blow from Advent (anbloazen) to Epiphany (afbloazen) at dusk, creating a living bridge between seasonal ritual and modern community. After WWII, dialect speaking was actively suppressed by educators who claimed it impaired children's learning — a cultural fracture that would later spark the dialectrock revival.

From 2024

Since the Groningen gas field's definitive closure on 19 April 2024, the region has entered a rapid heritage renegotiation. The 'gasscapes' curation debate — whether to preserve, commemorate, or erase gas infrastructure — has produced local heritage initiatives exploring tensions between erasure and commemoration. Simultaneously, an unprecedented wave of intangible heritage recognition has acknowledged practices long treated as marginal: noaberschap (neighbor-help), Nedersaksisch (Low Saxon language), wadlopen (mudflat walking), and dialectrock were all added to the national inventory by KIEN in 2025-2026 (dialectrock recognized April 2026). The midwinterhoorn, listed since 2013, continues to be blown in Westerwolde each Advent-to-Epiphany. The FestiValderAa at Schipborg programs music and theater in the Drentse Stroomdallandschap, engaging landscape as more than backdrop. Wadlopen — organized from Pieterburen since the 1950s — connects the UNESCO World Heritage Wadden Sea to its cultural dimension: seasonal communal walking across the seabed at low tide, an embodied knowledge practice tied to tidal cycles. Today, you can walk the esdorpen, hear the midwinterhoorn at dusk, join the Oogstfeest in Meppen, and feel the gasscapes debate in reinforced church towers across Groningen — all within a single region that is actively redefining what heritage means after extraction.

1600 - 1925

Two parallel transformations reshaped the region between roughly 1600 and 1925. In eastern Groningen, large-scale peat extraction created the Veenkoloniën — linear canal-side settlements (Veendam, Pekela, Stadskanaal) where the city of Groningen governed as colonial overlord. The Veenkoloniaals dialect area emerged from this industrial landscape, distinct from the esdorp agricultural zone. After peat was exhausted, the remaining dalgrond was converted to agriculture, and shipbuilding, straw cardboard, and potato starch replaced peat as the economic base. Meanwhile, in Drenthe's esdorpen, the marke-based communal field system generated seasonal festivals tied to the rye harvest cycle. The Oostermoerfeest (since 1868) originated as an agricultural exhibition organized by TTV Oostermoer, its name preserving the medieval dingspel designation. The Oogstfeest Meppen (held September in the old esdorp) expresses the same harvest calendar. Noaberschap — the Low Saxon system of neighbor-help that makes village festivals possible through volunteer organization — was the invisible social infrastructure underlying every dorpsfeest. These two agricultural calendars (peat-colony vs. esdorp) produced different festival rhythms, mapped onto different dialect areas and landscapes.

1594 - 1815

The Reductie van Groningen on 22 July 1594 — when the city capitulated to Maurits of Nassau — forced together two cultures that had been separate: the Stad (city, strongly Catholic until then, oriented toward the Hanse) and the Ommelanden (countryside, Protestant-leaning, Friso-Saxon-speaking). This union created the province of Groningen but also planted the deepest cultural divide in the region, one that persists today in how Stadjers and Ommelanders experience Sinterklaas, kermis, and New Year celebrations. The Reformation secularized the monasteries: Klooster Ter Apel was confiscated in 1593-94, monastic archives were destroyed, and Catholic calendar customs were suppressed. The old parish churches became Protestant — the Sint-Maartenskerk became the Martinikerk. What remained was a Protestant church calendar that selectively continued earlier rhythms, stripped of their Catholic framing. The Stichting Oude Groninger Kerken (founded 1969) now maintains the surviving Romanesque and Gothic village churches, many later damaged by gas-extraction earthquakes, as material witnesses to both this era's religious rupture and the petromodernity era's physical impact.