Contemporary Culture & Globalization

The post-war European integration project binding contemporary member regions across borders.

1 chapter

1914 - 1990

Two world wars and the Cold War divided the region physically and culturally; the Nazi regime attempted to co-opt carnival and folk traditions, while postwar West Germany made Bonn its provisional capital. In 1935, Cologne's carnival practitioners organized the Narrenrevolte (Fools' Revolt)—a satirical carnival staged in resistance to Nazi attempts to co-opt the tradition. The regime responded by imposing changes, including forcing the traditional maiden role to be played by a man (1936–43). At Lügde, the Nazi regime reframed the Osterräderlauf around the goddess Ostara; citizens erected an Opposition Cross in 1935 to reassert its Christian character. The EL-DE House—Cologne's former Gestapo prison—now houses Germany's largest local Nazi documentation center, bearing witness to this era's ruptures. After 1945, carnival resumed almost immediately (Lügde's Osterräderlauf ran again in 1946); the Zollverein mine in Essen, operational through both wars, closed in 1986. Bonn became West Germany's provisional capital in 1949, and the Haus der Geschichte museum now traces the republic's history from 1945 onward.

1815 - 1914

After Napoleon's fall, the Rhineland passed to Prussian rule; Cologne's bourgeoisie responded by reinventing carnival as organized political satire, while the Ruhr began its transformation into Europe's industrial heartland. In 1823, the Große Karnevalsgesellschaft (now Die Grosse von 1823 e.V.) and the Festkomitee Kölner Karneval created a new organizational form: the Elferrat (council of eleven, with French Revolutionary égalité symbolism), the Dreigestirn (trio of prince, maiden, and peasant), and the organized parade. This was not a restoration of the medieval guild Fastnacht but a transformation—a different festival in the same calendar slot, using Kölsch dialect and humor as vehicles of local identity and resistance to Prussian authority. Meanwhile, coal mining transformed the rural Ruhr into the largest industrial region in Europe. Pits like Zeche Zollern (opened 1898) drew hundreds of thousands of migrant workers, creating a new urban culture alongside the old confessional traditions. In the Palatinate, the medieval Wurstmarkt continued its evolution from pilgrimage market to wine festival, drawing ever-larger crowds.

1648 - 1815

The Peace of Westphalia established a confessional landscape governed by ecclesiastical states and absolutist principalities—until Revolutionary France conquered the Rhineland and dissolved the old order. The prince-archbishops of Cologne ruled from their Rococo palace at Brühl (Schloss Augustusburg, now UNESCO-listed), embodying the fusion of spiritual and temporal power that shaped the Catholic festival calendar. In Westphalia, the Schützenbruderschaften—medieval shooting guilds that had served civic defense—evolved into parish festival organizers; the Münster Schützenfest tradition dates to approximately 1731. Then, in 1794, Revolutionary France conquered the Rhineland left bank, dissolving the guilds (Zünfte) that had organized Fastnacht and banning Cologne's carnival entirely in 1795. The French re-permitted carnival in 1804 but the guild structure was gone. The Napoleonic Code introduced French legal norms that survived in the Prussian Rheinprovinz until 1900. When Prussia took over in 1815, the Rhineland had lost both its ecclesiastical rulers and its guild-organized festival traditions—a rupture that set the stage for the 1823 bourgeois carnival reform.

1517 - 1648

The Protestant Reformation shattered the religious unity of the Rhineland and Westphalia, creating a confessional divide that still structures the region's festival landscape. Cologne alone of all the imperial cities 'never experienced a crisis of faith, nor deviated from the path of Catholic orthodoxy' (Scribner, 1976)—its cathedral remained Catholic and its Fastnacht continued uninterrupted. But in Münster, Anabaptists seized the city in 1534–35; their leaders' bodies were displayed in iron cages that still hang from St. Lambert's church tower. The Thirty Years' War (1618–48) devastated the region; the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in Münster's Rathaus Friedenssaal in 1648, established the principle that rulers could determine their territory's religion—freezing a confessional map where the Rhineland remained predominantly Catholic while Westphalia became confessionally mixed. This divide still shapes festival calendars: Catholic areas celebrate Karneval before Lent, while Protestant areas developed different traditions like Schützenfeste and parish Kirmes.