Deindustrialization & Regional Federalism

The post-war European integration project binding contemporary member regions across borders.

1 chapter

1914 - 1960

Two world wars and the struggle for labour rights reshaped Walloon festival memory, embedding resistance commemoration and industrial catastrophe into the ritual calendar. During both occupations, Walloon cities experienced devastation (Dinant's 674 hostages shot in 1914) and resistance (fragmented but persistent across Walloon and Flemish groups). The 1946 Italy-Belgium guest-worker agreement brought Italian miners into Hainaut collieries—setting the stage for the Bois du Cazier disaster of 8 August 1956, when 262 miners died (136 Italian). The disaster remains prominent in folk memory in both Belgium and Italy, but with distinct emphases: Italian community memory stresses the victims and the lenient sentence (six months suspended for the manager), while the institutional narrative centres heritage and reconciliation. The bell at Bois du Cazier rings 262 times each 8 August. The 1960–61 general strike against the Loi Unique became both a national labour event and a Walloon founding myth—André Renard's Renardism transformed it into a movement for Walloon self-government. Climb the Citadel of Huy (used as a political prison under occupation), stand at the Bois du Cazier memorial, and hear the 262 bell-strokes to read this era's dual memory.

From 2000

Heritage reconquest has transformed former industrial ruins into UNESCO-listed sites and museum complexes, while living carnival traditions gained international recognition and Gaumais-language communities assert their distinctiveness within Wallonia. UNESCO designations accumulated: the Carnival of Binche as Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage (2003), the Ducasse de Mons (2008), four Major Mining Sites of Wallonia (2012), and the Canal du Centre lifts (1998). The Strépy-Thieu boat lift (opened 2002) and its interpretation center (2019) embody the engineering transition from industrial past to touristic present. The Musée Gaumais in Virton preserves the Gaumais dialect (Lorrain), recognized by the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles as a regional endogenous language—distinct from both French and Walloon. The Tchantchès Museum and puppet theatre in Liège's Outre-Meuse quarter continue to perform the Walloon-language repertoire that transmits Liège's vernacular chronicles. Today you can ride the Strépy-Thieu lift, hear Gaumais spoken at Virton's museum, watch a Tchantchès puppet show, and stand among the Gilles on Shrove Tuesday—all within a region that has converted industrial collapse into heritage recognition while maintaining living ritual practice.

1830 - 1914

Industrialization transformed Wallonia into the second industrial power in the world after England, and coal shaped the social and ritual landscape that festival life still echoes. After 1830, the Walloon regions—Liège, Hainaut, the Sambre-Meuse corridor—became a coal-and-steel empire. Henri De Gorge built Grand-Hornu (1810–1830) as a model company town; Bois-du-Luc operated from the 1680s but expanded into an industrial complex; Blegny-Mine's Puits-Marie dates to 1849. The Canal du Centre's four hydraulic boat lifts (1888–1917) overcame the 66-metre height difference on the Charleroi-Brussels route. Industrial patron saints, union marches, and workers' processions entered the festival calendar alongside older carnival and ducasse traditions. Belgian coal attracted migrant labour—foreshadowing the Italian recruitment that would reshape commemorative practice after 1946. Descend into Blegny-Mine's shaft, walk Grand-Hornu's neoclassical courtyard, and ride the Canal du Centre lifts to read the industrial machine that powered a century of Walloon festival life.

1795 - 1830

French Revolutionary annexation (1795) shattered the old principalities and reordered festival life through secularization and political rupture. The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was abolished; its cathedral, Saint-Lambert's—symbol of episcopal power—was demolished stone by stone from 1794 onward. The resulting void at Place Saint-Lambert remains Liège's most powerful material memory: an absence that tells you where the cathedral stood. Saint-Paul's church, founded in the 10th century, became the new cathedral. The Liège Revolution (1789–1795) had already weakened ecclesiastical authority; French rule completed the dissolution of monastic houses (Villers Abbey was abandoned in 1796). Yet early industrialization also began: William Cockerill's spinning machines (1799) and the first steam engines (1803) in Liège foundries seeded the coal-and-steel economy that would dominate the next century. Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo (1815) ended French rule and began the Dutch period. Stand at the empty centre of Place Saint-Lambert, visit Saint-Paul's cathedral, and walk Waterloo's battlefield to read this era of destruction and reinvention.